Marketing †Peter England Essay

To make a fast and all inclusive attention to the brand’s USP of value and cost. * To assemble solid brand inclination and continue brand devotion through alluring symbolism and continually repeat the product’s pluses Marketing Mix Peter England follows the 4 P’s of the advertising blend: Product engineering †The range involves customary office wear, uncommon event wear and easygoing wear. Valuing †Price framework respectability is kept up byensuring that65 percent of the brand offering is underneath MRP 500 through ‘Core’ extend. Advancement †Evaluating Objective * Peter England targets amplifying its piece of the overall industry * Introduces Market Penetration estimating * Peter England in 1997 the excursion starts †¦ * Peter England follows Value Based Pricing * Goes in for a High Value Strategy * Offers the customers premium quality at medium value Pricing Strategy * Price lattice uprightness kept up by guaranteeing 65 percent of the brand offering was underneath MRP 500 through ‘Core’ range* simultaneously premium items presented at the top end through collectionslike ‘the solids collection’ and ‘the celebration collection’ <p

Levels of Government

Investigating Levels of the Government Various inconsistencies exist in the appropriation and spending, between the different degrees of administration, yet in addition inside each level. Nonetheless, a relationship exists among fund and planning in open association and the level at which a legislative association is operating.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Levels of Government explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a method of model, as Yilmaz et al. figures, â€Å"State’s and neighborhood government’s general incomes arrived at the midpoint of $5,851 per capita and ran from $4,694 per individual in Arizona to $11,246 in Alaska for FY 2002† (2002, p.10). Moreover, the general spending of the legislature was about $4,746 for each inhabitant of Arizona to $13,172 for each Alaskan. Such differences are maybe characteristic of the hordes of financial choices that states need to either think about subject to need or on the other hand out of inclination in an undertaking to raise incomes relying upon the underplaying conditions. Due to these inconsistencies, the fund and planning in open association endures as in the state and central governments have a right to guarantee an all the more even dissemination of the administration use in the arrangement of basic administrations. However, at the neighborhood government level, the income age as well as uses may be fundamentally unique. The income and the uses at different degrees of administration may change contingent upon the asset gifts as well as the efficiency. Expanded use makes an interpretation of to a need to raise more income to subsidize the costly projects. Thus, as Yilmaz et al. (2002) completely states, â€Å"high incomes and consumptions reflect both the moderately easy expense to inhabitants of raising incomes by burdening common resources† (p.10). The elements of the administration associations overwhelmingly lay on the need to guarantee an increasingly brought together circulation of riches over all states. Be that as it may, the elements of government associations rely upon individualized account and planning plans.Advertising Looking for article on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, states and their nearby governments may wind up settling on choices that would empower them climb their incomes to support their varying spending plans in an unexpected way. One such plentiful system would involve concentrating on expanding incomes and cutting on the consumptions. As per Yilmaz et al. (2002), one can accomplish such a procedure by â€Å"promoting charge base development or decreasing long haul Costs of open help delivery† (p.11). All the more regularly, states typically have less alternatives accessible to them to guarantee that they can reduce expenses or rather slice projects to improve the augmentation of the duty rates in an undertaking to adjust their financial plans. Also, segment financial characteristics hugely add to how states, administrative and the neighborhood governments show up at the vital choice for raising incomes and reducing expenses. The key consumptions on the key government spending plans show up inside the different capacities that the different levels execute. Nonetheless, a few conflicts exist, implying that some help arrangements fall under the hands of a few degrees of government. As per IRS (2010), Federal governments manage â€Å"Defense, cash guideline, and outside relations† (Para 3). What's more, the central government â€Å"has a duty to wellbeing, training, government assistance, transportation, and lodging and urban development† (Para 3). Their spending plan should the fuse every one of these consumptions. Then again, states’ government has respectable jobs in designating assets for the authorization of â€Å"state criminal code, working conditions, inner correspondences, and guidelines of the property, business, business, and open utilities† (Para 3). At last, the neighborhood government financial plans join things, for example, lodging, police, wellbeing guidelines, open transportation, fire insurance and training among others. Obviously, some comparative consumption shows up in at least two degrees of government. Incomes and uses identify with various degrees of government in an unexpected way. One normal attribute among all degrees of government is that they raise salary through the tax collection from the citizens.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Levels of Government explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the choice on how and on what to force a duty is a choice made by each degree of government autonomously. Great piece of the government income originates from annual duties. Nearby and states charges originate from exchange duties and property charges. Reference List IRS. (2010). Understanding Taxes. Recovered from https://apps.irs.gov/application/understandingTaxes/index.jsp Yilmaz, Y., Hoo, S., Nagowski, M., Rueben, K., Tannenwald, R. (2002). Estimating financial incongruities over the U.S. States: an agent income framework/delegate use framework approach financial year 2002. Washington: The Urban Institute. This article on Levels of Government was composed and put together by client Camilo F. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Navigating Chambana

Navigating Chambana Hey guys, If you havent visited campus yet, when you do, one of the first things youll notice about it is its sheer size! Illinois  houses around 40,000 undergraduate and graduate students, and has three quads that span over 15 blocks. Now, 15 blocks doesnt sound like such a big deal, but when you have two classes on opposite sides of campus with only 10 minutes to get from one to the other, 15 blocks becomes a very big deal when there are torrential downpours or its below freezing out. (A map of campus found at http://www-app.igb.illinois.edu/bioinformatics/travel.html) Thankfully, Illinois  has an amazing bus system through MTD (Mass Transit District). These buses traverse all across campus: downtown Champaign, downtown Urbana, to the mall, to Savoy; they  can get you almost anywhere on and off campus in the Champaign-Urbana area. And the best part of it all, as a student you dont have to pay for a single bus ever! Its one of the many great perks of coming to  Illinois. Now at first, the list of bus routes will seem daunting indeed. Theyll all just seem like a jumble of colors and numbers and directions, but another great part of this perk is  the bus drivers of MTD. For the most part, the bus drivers are very patient and understanding people, and are more than willing to assist and direct a lost traveler to the correct bus. So, with a little practice and gaining some familiarity with the campus, navigating Chambana will soon become second nature to you all. Until next time guys, Kenny Kenny Class of 2016 I’m in the Creative Writing program in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m originally from Tampa, Florida, but I’ve been calling Illinois my home since 1998. I’ve lived all over the Northwest suburbs, from Palatine to Lakemoor to where I currently live back home, Mundelein.

Nature vs. Nurture - 818 Words

Nature Versus Nurture Introduction: There are few mysteries that are greater or provoke more debate than that which dictates human individuality. Sociologists, psychologists and genealogists have long argued over the roles played by the inherent genetic and biological features of an individual and the environmental, contextual and experiential realities surrounding the individual where the development of personality, ability and orientation are concerned. This underscores the debate between nature and nurture. To what extent each of these forces figures into an individuals development and growth is the subject of intense ideological and philosophical discussion. Here, we put forth the assertion that all human beings are a product of some combination of both. Nature vs. Nurture Argument: Such is to say that each of us is defined by the integration of personal experience and inborn makeup. What proportion of these forces is responsible for who we are, how we behave and what decisions we make is widely variant and contingent upon each individual. The argument itself stems from the distinct impact which each force will have on the path of development for the select individual. Indeed, as Myers (2004) points out, we cannot separate the individuals personality traits or behavioral characteristics from genetic coding. Accordingly, Myers finds that human ttraits are influences by gene compelexes many genes acting in concert. How tall you are, for example, reflects theShow MoreRelatedNature Vs Nurture : Is The Nature Or Nurture?1300 Words   |  6 PagesAoS 3: Student Directed Research Investigation Unit 1 Psychology - Megan Rodrigues RESEARCH QUESTION How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refersRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature And Nurture : Nature Vs. Nurture1780 Words   |  8 PagesAs Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Human behavior is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Psychologists are interested in learning which of these factors is a greater influence on human behavior and identity. Although psychologists today generally agree that both nature and nurture play a role in conditioning behavior, there is still disagreement about the part that each of the factors have in determining behavior. The nature versus nurture debate focuses around the extentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 Pages Nature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influe nce. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture1405 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2015 Nature vs. Nurture Very few people know that the nature vs. nurture debate actually began early on with famous Greek philosophers such as Plato and Descartes. These two theorized that certain things were inborn and occurred naturally regardless of environmental factors (Cherry 1). Most people began to witness this debate in 1896 when the phrase â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† was coined by English polymath, Francis Galton (â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture†Origins 1). At this point the nature vs. nurture debate grewRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nurture901 Words   |  4 Pagestime the proverbial nature vs. nurture question has sparked quite a debate. I hold the belief that nature vs. nurture is a zero-sum game. We essentially enter this existence, a lump of clay that needs molding in order to take form. So, I believe my creative abilities can be attributed to the sum of our genetic predisposition, the nurture of our mind, and the dynamic of both nature and nurture, with nurture being the predominant influencing factor. In psychology, nature refers to the inheritedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture And Nurture1777 Words   |  8 Pagesformed and cultivated through nature or nurture. This psychological anomaly is why I am writing this paper. Ever since I have enrolled in, and taken, a psychology class during my junior year, I have questioned whether every little emotion and action is because of nature or nurture. No topic is more widely explored and researched than morality. It cannot be scientifically or psychologically proven or tested, making any claim highly controversial. This idea, of nature vs nurture, that I had previously researchedRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture1463 Words   |  6 PagesT What can we define as Human Nature and Nurture? The Nature vs. Nurture has been a long never ending debate for some time now. Nature vs Nurture has been so profoundly debated, that now it’s unclear whether what makes us who we are and what we do, nature or nurture. For purposes of this essay Nature is going to be defined as characteristics we acquire through our genetic and biological factors, while that Nurture is going to be defined characteristics we acquire through our interactions and influencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1337 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture There are many different ways that behavior can be explained, especially on the terms of nature vs. nurture. Aggression is a behavior that has been extensively analyzed in a complex manner and the causes of it can be explained many different ways. Aggression can be defined as hostile or destructive behavior that can cause injury or destructive outlook especially when caused by frustration. Nature can be defined as aspects of behavior that have been inherited or are genetic, while

Popular Songs Drugs And Pro Drugs - 981 Words

There are two ways that popular songs portray drugs there are the songs that glorify them and tell the story of the â€Å"party-life† and others tell the â€Å"after-story† that tell of the addiction, of hitting rock-bottom, of how it can ruin your life. More and more of the popular songs are pro-drugs and pro-â€Å"party-life† or they are slyly double sided such as Eminem’s Drug Ballad, songs that tend to be lesser known or less popular tell the story of the addiction, about hitting rock-bottom, and of recovery such as D.L. Downer A.K.A. James Williams’ Suga Boom Boom (Chasing Dragons). Drug Ballad, was released on May 23, 2000 in the album The Marshall Mathers LP (www.sing365.com). Suga Boom Boom (Chasing Dragons) was written and sung by D. L. Downer a.k.a. James Williams and his 16-year-old niece Laleazy was produced as a single by MajorEpic music label and was released on October 26, 2014. Both of these songs are within the rap and hip-hop genre s. When analyzing and comparing and contrasting these two songs we need to consider why one is more popular than the other, why and how has drugs become such a prevalent problem, why are drugs portrayed differently, and how can we help those that are addicted and keep others from becoming addicted themselves. Suga Boom Boom (Chasing Dragons) is a metaphor for James Williams’ life. The song is about a man who was working and trying to stay on the straight and narrow and get his life back together when he was led to do heroin. This caused himShow MoreRelated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesLysergic Acid Diethylamide The late sixties were a time filled with sex, drugs, and rock and roll. A huge part of American culture at the time was focused around these three things. Musicians possessed a tremendous amount of social influence, and like wise, society put a lot of emphasis on the lives and attitudes of musicians. Of the rock groups from this time period, the Beatles were by far the most influential. The British rock group was probably the most catalytic band in rock and roll historyRead More Music Censorship is a Violation of Free Speech Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesof the most popular ways of expression and has been for generations. It makes us want to dance, inspires, soothes, relaxes, and sometimes tells us a story. Music is something the whole world shares and has brought together different kinds of people. However, there has been a question on whether some music has affected society negatively and crossed the line with some of its lyrics, content, and the persona of the artists. Certain m usic has been boycotted and even banned in the U.S. Pro-censorshipRead MoreRap Music And Its Effects On The Lives Of Those Who Experience It989 Words   |  4 Pagesdegrade one s health. Pro-drug songs that influence and welcome the consumption of alcohol and drugs, like rap and pop, encourage people to indulge in those kinds of activities, because they portray those activities as acceptable and tolerable. Rap music is a very popular thing in today’s society, which means it has plenty of room to influence the consumption of drugs and alcohol. According to Tara Pope from the New York Times, â€Å"77 percent† of rap songs today â€Å"reference drugs or alcohol,† which isRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized For Medical Purposes?1735 Words   |  7 Pagesstates. Some states have already legalized but for medicinal purposes only. Much research has come out in this decade that marijuana just isn’t for your average drug junkie but it can be for someone who i s going through cancer treatment, has anxiety, or has constant seizures. While there are some people who believe that marijuana is a gateway drug and if it is legalized for medical purposes than people will take advantage of the situation, marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes because itRead More Marijuana as a Subculture Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesconnoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. â€Å"Reefer songs† became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea padsRead MoreMarijuana as a Subculture Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesconnoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. Reefer songs became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea padsRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Industry1555 Words   |  7 Pagesconvince other people that censoring music on the radio and CDs is not a right thing as censorship can hide a meaning of the song. There are a lot of different factors why many people want their songs to be the way that the songwriter writes them. But these people usually forget that there are many more factors why songs should be censored. On the other hand, people want songs to be Ã' ensored because uncensored music can highly affect young children, limit the exposure of people s morality and someRead MoreHip Hop: The Method of Expression1099 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the impoverished section of Bronx, New York arose a youth culture that spread throughout the community like wi ld fire. Within the gang-ridden, drug-infested streets, a depravation of creativity forced underprivileged African American youths onto the streets in search of an output for their imagination. It was within these streets that hip-hop appeared as the product of independence, self-realization, creativity, and pride. Hip-hop began between the transformations from the late 1960’s toRead MoreHow 1960s Has Impacted And Influenced Today s Society1396 Words   |  6 Pagesof the problems and privileges that the present is dealing with now. The sixties brought the gay movement, women’s rights, the drug revolution, and has also impacted music as well. One of the most well-known things about the sixties is its music. Bands in the sixties started to break the conservative boundaries by talking about drugs and sex in their music; the drugs and sex revolution in this music also continues into the present day with these themes being most prominent in today’s music. EvenRead MoreAnti War and Pro War Movements of the 20th Century3507 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Pro-war and Anti-war movements for the 20th century There have been movements that support or oppose war throughout all of history. The 20th century saw this movement coalesce into a much larger and more diverse series of society changing events. Spanish-American war, World War I, World War II, the Cold War, Korea, Vietnam and Desert Storm were all wars that helped American society evolve into what it is today. For each of the conflicts, there were opposing points of view as to the amount

Personal Vision of Ministry Free Essays

Personal Vision of Ministry Statement â€Å"Creative,  loving,  and  inspired  ministry  that  loosens  the burdens of religion, and  leads  people to a  lifetime,  obedient relationship with our  Lord  Jesus Christ. † Each word in that  vision  statement is very significant to me and describes my spiritual being to this point. Creativity  is important to me, not just because advertising or me being a bit imaginative, but because from the beginning, our God was a creative God; I don’t believe there is any room  for  becoming stagnant in Christianity. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Vision of Ministry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Love  is the central theme of the Bible, and it is the most important of the Great Commandment’s. It is only through daily submission that  inspiration  will come, and it is only through inspiration and testimony that I find the strength to carry out God’s work. There are  two â€Å"R† words  that are distinctive when sharing ministry:  Religion and Relationship. They are not the same. Religion: being the belief in and worship of a personal God or Gods Details of belief as taught or discussed. Relationship: the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. Example being Jesus Christ connected as our personal Lord and Savior. So this would be my personal ministry of how I am to share Christ Jesus Love. To be able to teach, and lead others to Christ through scripture. As a church youth minister, I should be one that is connected with today’s youth. A youth minister should lead children, not only in their spiritual growth but their personal development as well. A youth minister needs to possess great leadership qualities and have plenty of experience and testimony in order to share with the children. I must be able to train and encourage others within the church. I will be discipline, self-motivated, organized, and spiritually mature. This is why I believe AME will help me further Gods ministry, and gain more knowledge of who God is. Scripture says Lots about knowledge throughout the bible. One of my favorite verses explaining Gods sovereign knowledge is in Proverbs. Proverbs 3:1-35:  My son, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments, for length of days and years of life and peace they will add to you. Let not steadfast love and faithfulness for sake you; bind them around your neck; write them on the tablet of your heart. So you will find favor and good success in the sight of God and man. Trust in the Lord  with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. | | | May God use me to accomplish His purposes. How to cite Personal Vision of Ministry, Essay examples

Operations and Supply Chain Management Essay Example

Operations and Supply Chain Management Essay Although planning Involves determining how the various supply chain processes (sourcing, making, delivering, and returning) will be met, planning itself is not considered a supply chain process. False Delivering is not considered in supply chain analysis when outside carriers are contracted to move products to customers. False We will write a custom essay sample on Operations and Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Operations and Supply Chain Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Operations and Supply Chain Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Service Innovations can be patented. False Investors pay close attention to efficiency and productivity measures Like net Income per employee because they are interested in how well the firm manages its workforce elations. False Wall Street analysts are not particularly concerned with how efficient companies are from an operations and supply management view. False A doctor completes a surgical procedure on a patient without error. The patient dies anyway. In operations management terms, we could refer to this doctor as being efficient but not effective. True The goods-services continuum consists of which set of the following categories? Pure goods, core goods, core services, pure services Which of the following are defined as core goods? -Data storage systems Current Issues In SCM do not Include: Increasing global supply chain employment One of the package of features that make up a service is: Facilitating goods Supply chain refers to processes that move information and material to and from the manufacturing and service processes of the firm. True Although planning involves determining how the various supply chain processes (sourcing, making, delivering, and returning) will be met, planning Itself Is not A major aspect of planning involves developing a set of metrics to monitor the supply chain. True The approach that advocates making revolutionary changes as opposed to evolutionary changes is called creation theory. False The term electronic commerce refers to the buying and selling of electronic products and devices. False Attempting to balance the desire to efficiently use resources while providing a highly effective service may create conflict between the two goals. True Which of the following are not listed in the text as jobs in SCM? Data center manager The supply chain processes mentioned in the textbook are planning, sourcing, delivering, and returning. False

The Definition of a Bar Graph

The Definition of a Bar Graph A bar graph or a bar chart is used to represent data visually using bars of different heights or lengths. Data is graphed either horizontally or vertically, allowing viewers to compare different values and draw conclusions quickly and easily. A typical bar graph will have a label, axis, scales, and bars, which represent measurable values such as amounts or percentages. Bar graphs are used to display all kinds of data, from quarterly sales and job growth to seasonal rainfall and crop yields. The bars on a bar graph  may be the same color, though different colors are sometimes used to distinguish between groups or categories to make the data easier to read and interpret. Bar graphs have a labeled x-axis (horizontal axis) and y-axis (vertical axis). When experimental data is graphed, the independent variable is graphed on the x-axis, while the dependent variable is graphed on the y-axis. Types of Bar Graphs Bar graphs take different forms depending on the type and complexity of the data they represent. They can be as simple, in some cases, as two bars, such as a graph representing the vote totals of two competing political candidates. As the information becomes more complex, so will the graph, which may even take the form of a grouped or clustered bar graph or a stacked bar graph. Single: Single bar graphs are used to convey the discrete value of the item for each category shown on the opposing axis. An example would be a representation of the number of males in grades 4-6 for each of the years 1995 to 2010. The actual number (discrete value) could be represented by a bar sized to scale, with the scale appearing on the X-axis. The Y-axis would display the corresponding years. The longest bar on the graph would represent the year from 1995 to 2010 in which the number of males in grades 4-6 reached its greatest value. The shortest bar would represent the year in which the number of males in grades 4-6 reached its lowest value. Grouped: A grouped or clustered bar graph is used to represent discrete values for more than one item that share the same category. In the single bar graph example above, only one item (the number of males in grades 4-6) is represented. But one could very easily modify the graph by adding a second value that includes the number of females in grades 4-6. The bars representing each gender by year would be grouped together and color-coded to make it clear which bars represent the male and female values. This grouped bar graph would then allow readers to easily compare the number of students enrolled in grades 4-6 both by year and by gender. Stacked: Some bar graphs have each bar divided into subparts that represent the discrete values for items that constitute a portion of the whole group. For instance, in the examples above, students in grades 4-6 are grouped together and represented by a single bar. This bar could be broken into subsections to represent the proportion of students in each grade. Again, color coding would be needed to make the graph readable. Bar Graph vs. Histogram A histogram is a type of chart that often resembles a bar graph. However, unlike a bar graph, which represents the relationship between two different variables, a histogram represents only a single, continuous variable. In a histogram, the range of values is divided into a series of intervals, known as bins or buckets, which are labeled on the charts x-axis. The y-axis, when the bins are evenly spaced, measures the frequency of the given values. Histograms can be used to produce models of probability and to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes. How to Make a Bar Graph The easiest way to create a bar graph is to use the Charts tool in Microsoft Excel. This tool allows you to transform spreadsheet data into a simple chart, which you can then customize by adding a title and labels and by changing the chart style and column colors. Once you have completed the bar graph, you can make updates and adjustments by changing the values in the spreadsheet. You can also create simple bar graphs using free online tools such as Meta Chart and Canva.

Canadian Employment Insurance (EI) Applications

Canadian Employment Insurance (EI) Applications When to Submit an Employment Insurance Application Apply for Employment Insurance as soon as you stop working, even if you havent received your  Ã‚  (ROE). Be sure to submit your Canadian Employment Insurance application within four weeks of your last day of work, or you may lose benefits. You should receive your ROE from your last employer within five days of becoming unemployed. Some employers submit ROEs electronically, in which case you do not need to submit a copy to Service Canada. If you have difficulty getting a ROE from an employer, go to your  Service Canada Centre  or contact Service Canada at 1 800 206-7218 to find out how to get your ROE and what is needed to calculate your claim. Employment Insurance Application Form When making an application for Canadian Employment Insurance benefits, you will need to give the following information: Social Insurance Number  (SIN), and the SIN of the other parent if applying for parental benefitsMothers maiden namePersonal identification, such as a  drivers license  or  birth certificate, if you apply in person at a Service Canada Centre.Record of Employment (ROE) from each job for the last 52 weeksBank information or a blank personal cheque marked VOID, so  Employment Insurance benefits  can be paid by direct depositEmployment details, including gross salary (before deductions and including tips and commissions), gross salary for the last week of work from Sunday to the last day, and other amounts received or still coming, such as vacation pay and severance pay. Youll need to provide the names and addresses of your employers, including  postal codes.Dates of weeks in the last 52 that you  did not work  and whyMedical certificate if you are claiming sickness benefits or applying for compassionate care benefitsAdoption certificate if you are an adoptive parent c laiming parental benefits. Where to Apply for Employment Insurance You can  apply for Canadian Employment Insurance  in person by going to the Service Canada Centre nearest you. You can also apply for Canadian Employment Insurance  online.

Pepsi and Coke Financials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pepsi and Coke Financials - Essay Example In both ratios, Pepsi emerged to be superior noting that even without its inventories; its current assets can more than pay-off all its short-term liabilities. In terms of moving its inventories to the market, Coca-Cola shows advantage because of its lower inventory ratio. Pepsi and Coca-Cola display always the same capital structure with creditors and investors having 50-50 contribution in its assets. It should be noted that both companies have 0.50 debt to equity ratios indicating that there is an equal share between creditors and equity holders. Profitability ratios including net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity shows that Pepsi is performing better. Even though Coca-Cola has a higher net profit margin and a stronger cost management techniques, this is offset by Pepsi's higher return on assets and return on equity. It should be noted that the net income of Pepsi generated more value to the company's resource and investors. The higher return on equity has become the primary basis of this recommendation. Realizing that the goal of a business organization is to maximize shareholder wealth, it is important that it shows a high return on equity.

Analyzing an advertisement poster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing an advertisement poster - Essay Example Ultimately, the paper will draw a conclusion with relation to the advertisement poster. Notably, the ad uses different colors to capture the attention of the audience. The blue color at the top of the ad seeks to inform the audience that FIFA 14 is available on PS4. The foreground of the ad has bright colors to capture the attention of the eye while the background has a dark color to create a comfortable color mix. Moreover, the colors in this ad represent the various football sponsors of FIFA 14 video game as well as the identity of one of the successful football in the world. The color mix in this ad creates a very effective visual effect that helps the target audience to relate with the product. Furthermore, the ad uses a human figure to present its message to the target audience. The human figure in the ad represents Lionel Messi who is the most decorated player in the world who plays for Barcelona, which is a very successful football club. The human figure relates the product with success and hence encouraging the audience to buy the product with a promise of becoming like Messi. Moreover, the ad depicts the product in a very clear way. Indeed, the audience can easily identify the product and the body that licensed the product subject to the good mix of colors and the large font of the product description. Various words and texts appear on the image. These words and texts are clear and represent the product, the sponsors of FIFA 14 video game, and the official bodies that licensed the product. Moreover, the words and texts represent the device, which supports the application of this product. Furthermore, the texts represent the sponsor of the club shown on the image. Notably, the image has a defined boundary. The name of product is at the center of the image while the human figure aligns to the left. The name of the device that supports the application of the product is at the top of the image with a unique color. The ad uses

Evaluating Organisation Values and Structure

Evaluating Organisation Values and Structure Organization culture can be defined as a functional element of a business that comprise of organizational values, experiences and beliefs and the cultural norms of the organization. The specific collection of these values and attributes are shared by the employees within an organization and are controlled according to the level of interaction between them. The main protectors of organizational cultures are the employees within the organization and the stakeholders outside the organization. Thus this report discusses the key aspects of organizational culture and behaviour and also covers basic theories related to organizational management. Organizational values can be attributed to the beliefs and ideas of the individuals within the organizations regarding the strategic goals. The organizational values are conveyed right from the top of the organizational pyramid to the bottom. As far as organizational culture is concerned, there are various factors comprising of the organizational culture. These factors include employees, creation of values, growth, commitment, motivation and future emphasis. Organizational values and culture influences the kind of behaviour individuals carry within a work place. Thus these are the basic concept regarding organizational culture and values. It is a well known fact that an organization cannot succeed without a sound organizational culture and positive behaviour of the individuals comprising the organization. There are various factors that influence the behaviour of individuals and are an important part of the organizational culture. All these phenomenons and other activities such as coordination, task allocations which are collectively directed towards achieving the organizational objectives consist of the organizational structure. Most of the organizations have organization structures comprising of the clustered entities. The structure of an organization depends of its objectives and the strategies which are formulated to achieve these objectives. Organizational structure enables giving responsibilities for different business operations to various business entities such as department, workgroup or team, individuals and many more. If an organization doesnt have a sound structure, there are chances that it might face difficulties in achieving its objectives. We shall now discuss organizational structure and culture in more detail. Organizations witness different cultures because they consist of different types of individuals. The culture within an organization has direct implications on its performance and also reflects its values and beliefs. If there is no alignment between the organizational culture and the companys business strategies, the company will struggle to work with full potential and satisfy the objectives of its stakeholders. There are many types of organizational cultures as suggested by various academic scholars. First of all, there can be Collaborate organizational culture which is found where the workplace is open and friendly and employees share lot of things among themselves. Next is the Create culture wherein the workplace is dynamic, entrepreneurial and innovative and experimentation is considered to be the driving factor for development. Then we have the Control culture wherein the organization is very structured and formal and employee behaviour is governed by the set rules and procedur es. Finally, we have Competitive culture which is observed in the results seeking organizations with employees being highly competitive, goal-oriented and productive. Thus these are different types of organizational cultures which have direct or indirect effects of business performance. The main factor of organizational structure and culture that drives the performance is leadership. Leadership is characterized by the focus on internal business environment, organizational effectiveness and business results. Thus all the organizations thrive to create a sustainable and robust culture that ensures future viability of the business and enhanced performance. Figure 1 explains the main factors of organizational culture and its impact on performance. Figure1: Organizational Culture and Performance Factors influencing Individual behaviour Individual behaviour within a workplace is influenced by various factors such as emotions, culture, persuasion, values, norms, ethics and personal attitudes. The main factor influencing human behaviour is the work environment and organizational culture. For example, if an employee is highly motivates within a workplace, he/she would develop a positive approach towards work and the productivity will increase along with the profits. On the other hand, if an individual faces issues such as ignorance, demoralization, corruption and unethical behaviour, this will have a negative impact of the individuals behaviour. Moreover the individuals abilities and skills, perception and personality also help in determining his/her behaviour within an organization. Thus there are the main factors that affect an individuals behaviour within an organization. Organizational Theories There are various organizational theories in academic literature using which the organizations survive in the competitive market. The foremost organizational theory is the contingency theory which suggests that whenever the company management takes important decision, they should consider all the aspects of the companys current performance and act accordingly. Next is the systems theory which considers the organizations in a broader perspective and helps in interpreting the market and anticipating the needs of customers. Then we have the scientific management theory which helps in accurate measurement and monitoring of organizational tasks and also the strategies developed in order to achieve these goals. Finally there is the human relations theory which supports the idea of trade unions and government regulations. According to this theory, more emphasis is given to employees and their potential in the organization. The main culture and subculture within an organization plays an important role in the company and is also vital for its success or failure. Thus these are the basic organizational theories that play a significant role in organizational management. These theories help in every aspect of organizational management as they help is management operations such as sales forecast, performance monitoring, decision making, enhancing the business networks and so on. Thus we shall now discuss about management theories and organizational culture of two organizations namely Google and Microsoft. Google have very different and unique approaches towards management. The main management approach of Google is effective employee handling and motivation by providing a wonderful experience at work. All Google employees are called as Googlers and the whole organizational culture of Google is very unique. For example, employees have the liberty to comment on the companys strategies or give suggestions to the top management personals. The company management principles consider all its employees equally important for the success of the company. Googlers were allowed to carry their pets at workplace, were given free lunch and snacks and other amenities. Thus one can clearly suggest that Googles zero percent employee turnover rate is an excellent testament to its respectable organizational culture. Moving onto Microsoft, managers here are described as Mentors and employees as Pupils. Mentors in Microsoft carry high profile with a wealth of knowledge and experience whereas pupils are encouraged to be hard-working and enthusiastic to take risks. Microsoft has been successful over the years by using a sound organizational structure. The company is managed by 10 Board of Directors who are elected every year. The company is sub-categorized into various teams that handle critical aspects of business. All the employees of Microsoft share the same values and beliefs and the expectations they have from the company. These shared views affect the companys performance, decision making and also team performance. Employees are allowed to grow within the company as a part of the strong organizational culture Microsoft has. Thus over the years, Microsoft has successfully used its organizational culture and resources in order to achieve its business objectives. Thus these are the different approaches towards management of two organizations namely Google and Microsoft. There is one thing common between the two companies as far as the role of technology in organizational culture is concerned. Both the companies are equipped with latest technological gadgets that make it easy for them to give good performance, analyze markets, anticipate future forecasts and many more. One can clearly comment that indeed the organizational culture and sound approaches towards organizational management are the basic elements needed by the organization to have an edge over its rivals. Thus we shall now discuss about various leadership styles and their effectiveness in leadership approaches. Importance of different leadership styles Leadership style can be defined as the effective behaviour of leaders towards achieving team objectives and management of the team. It can also be considered as the way of giving direction to others, implementing strategies and motivating individuals. There are numerous leadership styles discussed in the academic history. We shall now discuss about different leadership styles and their importance in organizational performance. The first is autocratic style where all the decision making authority lies with the leader. Here the leader doesnt pay much attention to the suggestions given to him/her and all the initiatives taken are the leaders responsibility. The only advantage here is that the leader possesses extreme wealth of knowledge and experience which is used to achieve organizational goals. Next is the Participative style wherein the leader consults his/her group of team before making decisions. This is very advantageous as far as team performance is concerned. This style also he lps members of the team to self motivate by taking active part in team discussions. Democratic leadership style ensures that the leader takes the final decision but consults a couple of individuals regarding the decision making process. This leadership style is a sign of strength as it helps in earning the respect from employees. Finally we have the free reign leadership style, wherein employees are allowed to take their own decisions. However the responsibility of the decision lies on the leaders shoulder but this helps the employees to analyze situations and determine the strategies. Here the tasks are generally completed based on the priority factor of an individual task. Thus these are some of the leadership styles that the leaders in real world carry with themselves in order to complete tasks or achieve organizational goals. There are various factors that influence the different leadership styles within the organization. These include available time, responsibility, and possession of information, knowledge of employees, internal conflicts, and stress levels, type of objectives and finally the rules and regulations of the organization. All these factors highly influence the leadership styles in a way that there is lot of uncertainty that same style would be used for the whole process of achieving organizational objectives. Thus these are the main issues regarding different leadership styles and their effectiveness. Motivation Theories In order to discuss the application of motivational theories within a workplace, we shall first discuss about different types motivational theories. The first is the incentive theory wherein a tangible or an intangible reward or benefit is given to the employee after completion of a particular task or exceptional services. According to this theory, the reward given to the employee will motivate him/her to continue giving exceptional service to the organization and develop positive attitude towards work. Next is the need motivational theory suggesting that the needs and wants of a human being reflect the type of performance given by them. The fulfilment of one need motivates individuals to work harder in order to fulfil the next need or a want. Over the years, there has been very strong relationship between the motivation theories and management practices in organizations. Motivation theories are the driving factors that positively influence the performance of individuals and hence the company. On the other hand, management theories cover effective administration as well as the business. Both these theories are interrelated and work together. For example, a manager motivates an employee by giving certain benefits or rewards for hard work and as a result the productivity of the employee goes up and so does the profits of the company. In this case, the manager applied motivation theory and the whole process comes under the management theory which includes using relevant resources in order to meet the objectives or get the work done. Moreover, if a sound motivation theory is not applied then the overall process of management has chances of not meeting the expected outcomes. Thus one can clearly suggest that indeed, the motivat ion theories have sound influence on the management theories within any given organization. Thus we shall now try to evaluate the nature and work behaviour of groups or teams and also discuss the factors that lead to their failure or effectiveness. Team effectiveness and failure A very common practice observed within many organizations is the formation and working in teams. Working in team enables completion of goals with team efforts and condensing bigger objectives into smaller individual tasks. Teams can be formed within an organization with different departments, rank of employees, based on projects and also based on abilities of individuals. In the case of team efforts, the whole team is responsible for completion of the given task and if one member underperforms then it can affect the performance of the whole team. Thus specific groups are formed in order to complete the given task in a specific manner which a single individual cannot perform. Groups or teams have different natures or behaviours which influence their performance. The team or group can be ambitious, enthusiastic, hard-working, motivated, inexperienced, disorganized and many more. All these factors directly or indirectly lead to the team effectiveness or failure. The factors or behaviour of the team that leads to its effectiveness are high morale, motivation, energetic, high experience, well coordinated and hard working. For example, if a team has these factors then it can easily coordinate and work hard collectively in order to achieve team goals. On the other hand, factors such as individual concerns, lack of coordination, dissatisfaction among members, over ambitious leader, low morale and lack of experience can lead to the team failure within an organization. For example, if a team has less experience and coordination among team members, then it is obvious that the performance cannot be enhanced and thus leading to the team failure. Thus these are the main factors that affect the whole performance of the team and which lead to the team effectiveness or failure. We shall now analyze the role of technology on team functioning within an organization. Impact of Technology on Team Functioning In todays world, almost all the businesses are loaded with technology and make the full use of technological equipments in order to run their administration tasks. Technologies such as e-mails, mobile phones, Blackberry, groupware, computers and laptops have played significant role in improving team performance. For example, if team members are not at a same place, they can still have a communication via the e-mail. Mobile phones have brought a big revolution in the world of technology which helps team members when they are out of the office, on the road or otherwise unavailable. Groupware helps the team members to plan important meetings and collaborate in a virtual environment which can be accessed from all parts of the world. Finally computers and laptops allow team members to use internet and perform various business tasks very easily. Thus these are the main factors that have a deep impact on the team functioning. There are so many other technological factors that influence the team performance. For example, there has been extensive advancement in the technological gadgets such as video conferencing, web cam, fax, printers, scanners and many more have direct or indirect influence on team functioning. As far as information technology is concerned, it helps the team to perform back-end operations such as monitoring sales forecast, managing customer database, conducting business through websites, using various software and many more. Information technology plays a vital role in todays organizations and is the determining factor for the success or failure of the organization. The development of information technology over the years is showing no signs of slowing down. A region-wide Wi-Fi and nanotechnology are the latest inventions that boost all the aspects of business functionalities. Thus these are the main impacts of technology on the team as wells as business functioning. Conclusion Thus one can clearly suggest from all the above discussions that indeed a sound organizational culture and organizational structure plays the determining factor for the success or failure of the organization. In this competitive business environment, all the companies are constantly trying to improve their organizational culture so that they can have an edge over their competitors. Employees are a very important aspect of organizational culture and thus there are various factors that influence individual behaviour at the workplace. Thus these organizational theories underpin all the basic principles of management. The example of Google and Microsoft explained that how a sound organizational culture helped the companies to progress toward their desired goals. An organization consists of various individuals and these individuals can work together forming various teams among themselves. As we have seen, there are many factors that affect the team performance and thus a positive organizational culture will always have a positive impact on the team performance. Finally, the use of technology in recent years has been the driving factor in the effective working of a team or an individual or a company.

Howard Zinn Chapter One

Columbus has always been portrayed as an enlightened, peaceful explorer who â€Å"discovered† a new world, and became friends with the native people. Howard Zinn’s view on Columbus’s encounter with the natives is an entirely different perspective. Zinn describes Columbus as a man who is willing to torture and kill others to be able to accomplish what he wants; in this case he wanted to obtain gold and other resources to take back with him to Spain.When Columbus and his men arrived to the islands, he noticed that the natives were generous, and accommodating because they willingly traded everything they owned and brought them such things like: food, water, and gifts. Since the beginning the natives offered all of their hospitality to Columbus and his men. Columbus believed that the natives were ignorant because they had no weapons for self defense; when he showed them a sword, they had no idea how to use it and ended up cutting themselves.Columbus was more than cer tain, that he could take control over the natives, and captivate them as slaves. In his writing he wrote, â€Å"They would make fine servants†¦. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. † (Zinn, 3) This attitude leaded to enslavement, feeling superior, and genocide by Columbus and his men towards the natives. Columbus had persuaded the king and queen of Spain to finance an expedition to the lands, and the wealth; he expected to be at the Indies and Asia.Columbus would receive ten percent of all the goods collected, governorship over new-found lands, and the fame that would go with a new title: Admiral of the Ocean Sea. Columbus believed the natives could lead him and his men to where the gold was, to be able to take it back to the King and Queen so he took many of them as prisoners on his ship. He also wanted to take them back to Spain as slaves and be able to make them do whatever they wanted them to do. Columbus took advantage of th e ignorance of the natives, and made them do hard labor for him and his men.Columbus believed that there were huge fields of gold, in the province of Cicao on Haiti. He became desperate to pay the dues back to the king and queen, so he order every native older than fourteen to collect a certain quantity of gold by three months. Once they had collected the amount, they would receive a copper to put around their neck, those without it had their hands cut off and bled to death. Many felt it was impossible to do this, and tried escaping but were always found and killed.When it was finally clear that there was no gold left, they took them all as slave labor to huge estates which are called encomiendas. Columbus’s big plan for Hispaniola since the beginning was to take advantage of the natives and take their land, and the gold he believed was located there. He built the first fort in the Western Hemisphere, and left some of his men to find and store gold there. Columbus had to ask for a little more help from their majesties, he convinced them by saying he would take them â€Å"as much gold as they need †¦ nd as many slaves as they ask† (Zinn,6 ) Columbus’s plans affected the natives, in many ways; first of all they were going to lose their land, and also they were going to be taken captive for slave labor. Howard Zinn not only introduced a new perspective on Christopher Columbus, but he changed the way I viewed things. I never knew how much killings, and torture was put upon the natives in the searching of the â€Å"New World†. I learned how the hero I thought Columbus was, in reality was more like a villain. He didn’t care what he had to do as long as he got what he wanted, even if it dealt with murders and torturing the natives.

Banking System Of Greece Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3522 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Banking Essay Did you like this example? The Central Bank of Greece is called the Bank of Greece. Its head quarter is in Athens. It is established in 1927. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Banking System Of Greece Example For Free" essay for you Create order It is preceded by National Bank of Greece (1928) and succeeded by European Central Bank (2001). The Bank of Greece is still exists but most of the functions are performed by the ECB.The bank has 18 branches, 38 agencies and 8 outlets. The responsibilities of this bank are to implement the Euro systems monitory policy and also safe its own country financial system. In other primary objectives the stability of general price level. It also supports the general policy of the government. It has institutional, personal and operational independency. It is under the super vision of Greece Parliament. The Bank of Greece has more than 3000 employees. It also supervises the other all private banks in all over the country. The other function of it is to act as the treasurer and fiscal agent for the Greek  government. Its Euro Banknote code is Y. Bank of Greece also sells  Gold sovereigns. Bank of Greece Division of tasks is as follows: Euro system-Related Tasks Monetary policy Foreign exchange and reserve assets Payment and settlement systems Financial stability Statistics Banknotes and coins Other Tasks of the Bank of Greece Supervision Payment and securities settlement system Reserve assets Treasurer and fiscal agent of the government Statistics Research and publications Administration and Management There are governor and deputy governors who manage all the functions of the bank. Governor Georgios A. Provopoulos is the governor of the bank with effect from June 20, 2008 who manages the bank operation with the following deputy governors. The Governor is the chief officer of the bank and is appointed by the government. He supervises monitory policy. Deputy Governors Panagiotis Aristidis Thomopoulos and Nikolaos D. Paleocrassas are the deputy governor of the Central Bank of Greece. The deputy governor is the second in line officer of the bank. Main role of the deputy governor is administration. Eleni Dendrinou-Louri: June 15, 2008 present. Ioannis M. Papadakis: March 3, 2009 present. 160px-2003_Greece_200_Euro_75_anniversary_of_Bank_of_Greece_back Organization Chart Organisation Chart for Bank of Greece Commercial Banks These are the second type of financial institutions in the Greece Economy. Likes the commercial banks they are the deposit institutions in both commercial and industrial sector. They perform lending operations. They recently expand their working area to provide banking services at a wide range of whole sellers and retailers. They give loans in different types like: Commercial Industrial Consumers Mortgage credit The different functions which are performed by these banks: Issuance of credit cards Travelers checks Buy and sell foreign exchange Issuance of letter of credit They directly engage in securities underwriting. They also give foreign securities, own mutual funds and brokerage services through their subsidiaries. The commercial banks which are operating in Greek, they include both domestic and foreign institutions. The institutions of such type are increasing constantly in the Greek. The strength of these banks In Greece in1992 was twenty t wo Greek banks and eighteen foreign banks in operation. The foreign banks control 10 percent of the assets and deposits in the Greek banking market. All these operations are done by the foreign banks locally established branches. In all the Greek banks the Central Bank of Greece is the largest institution. In 1991it was controlling 29 percent of banking assets and 37 percent of deposits. The largest foreign bank in all other foreign banks is the Citibank. It is New York based. This bank in 1991 controlled the one fourth of the assets and one third one the deposits held by the foreign banks in Greece. The major assets of the commercial banks include the credits and loans to the private sector. In the end of 1980s the portfolio of the banks has been changed due to the heavy borrowing requirement of the state. The assets proportion of the banks is as follows in which one third are made up of government securities. It is equal to the share devoted to the loans and securities. Due to private deposits the liability of the commercial banks continued. Since 1987 the Greek Banking has completely adopt the liberalization. Interest rates are set now according to the market conditions. There no restriction on entry into banking. Foreign exchange transactions along with capital movement have been deregulated. Quality control on credit has been long abolished. During the implementation stage in 1995 the EU (European Union) directives on the freedom of bank establishment among the members country. It is all about providing the free financial services across the borders and standards of capital adequacy should be common. Now the banking in Greece is becoming most modern and very competitive business. Major Commercial Banks The major Commercial Banks in the Greece are as follows: Proton Bank T Bank Alpha Bank ATE bank Attica Bank Bank of Cyprus Citibank EFG Euro bank Ergasias Emporiki Bank First Business Bank Geniki Bank Hellenic Bank HSBC HypoVereinsbank Marfin Egnatia Bank Millennium Bank National Bank of Greece Piraeus Bank Probank TT Hellenic Postbank Specialized Credit Institutions Specialized credit institutions are the third type of institutions in the Greece Banking system. The examples of such institutions are as follows: Investment Banks Agriculture Bank of Greece Mortgage Banks Postal Saving Banks The functions of these banks to provide and offer credit in their particular areas. This is their traditional role. But now banking liberalization and enforcement of European policies that banking market should be unfiled and the specialized institutions should vast their operations rather than in designated areas. To determine the specialization in 1990s in a specific area it is determined by the market condition not by the legislative constraint. Agriculture Bank is the major example of this change. This Bank was strictly legally restricted to granting agriculture loan. As a result its distribution is turned into monopolized. After a year in1991 the Agriculture Bank is converted into a full-fledged commercial bank and when this process i s taken placed at the same time other commercial banks also have a permission to grant agriculture loans. The same conversion occurred with mortgage and investment banks. Most of the credit institutions in Greece are directly or indirectly controlled by the government. The example of this is the Industrial Development Bank of the Greece. It is 100 percent owned by the government. The two largest main commercial banks, one of which is the National Bank and other is the Commercial Bank of Greece, these are held by the employees pension fund and have been managed by the state. The legislation changes have been made by the state recently seeks to moderate by giving a degree of self-management to employee pension fund. The shares are now traded on the stock exchange. National Bank of Greek and Commercial Bank of Greek owned the medium-size lonian Bank of Greek. This is a small subsidiary bank. The Greek Financial Intermediaries (a) Credit institutions Commercial banks Specialized credit institution Corporative banks (b) Credit companies (c) Financial institutions Factoring companies Leasing companies Credit card issuers Exchange bureaus Money transfer mediation companies (d) Market intermediaries providing investment services On a collective basis (mutual fund management companies and investment fund management companies). On an individual basis (investment firms) Financial Markets The financial sectors importance in Greece surpasses its proportional contribution to the countrys GDP, which in 1990 stood at about 3 percent. Besides its traditional functions in collecting savings and reallocating them by lending, the financial system in Greece, as in many advanced countries, has begun to perform a variety of other services such as underwriting new security issues, corporate services for acquisitions and restructuring, wealth and portfolio management, and leasing. In the early 1990s, the capital market for securities also has grown quickly, and the volume and frequency of transactions on the Athens Stock Exchange have multiplied. The following financial markets are present in the Greece. Athens Stock Exchange The Athens Stock Exchange is named as ASE or ATHEX it is located in Athens Greek. Its start its function from 1876. It is the subsidiary of the Hellenic exchange. Another market in1999 starts its trading which is called Athens Derivative exchange. In 2002 both the companies were merged to form Athens Stock Exchange. At 2007 it was located in Psiris on Sofocleous Street. Now a days its new headquarter is in Kavalas Street. The Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) work under the supervision of Capital Market Commission (CMC). It is primarily responsible for the protection of investors. The Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) has also adopted important changes about modernization and revitalization since 1987. The main institutional changes of the present time are Establishment of a Central Securities Depository Introduction of an automated trading system In 1993 market capitalization of the shares listed was US$13.5 billion, and the total value of market transactions was US$2.8 billion. B etween 1990 and 1993, fifty-seven listings were added, bringing the total number of companies with listed stocks to 150. New capital raised in 1993 through stock issues amounted to US$436 million. Plans call for enhancement of stock-exchange operations by linking of the Athens exchange with peripheral terminals such as Thessaloniki and by encouraging foreign companiesmost notably those in the Balkansto list their shares on the exchange. To make more strengthen the role of the stock exchange and to maintain the banking competition in the mid 1990s government made the policies in the financial area especially for these institutions. The new competition in the banking sector leads to appearance of new products and services. In banking products most dominant is the automatic teller machine (ATM). Due to a safe and easy ay most of the market leaders forced banks to adopt it. For this purpose an initiative has been taken to make an automated interbank clearing and payment system in Gre ek. The large banks of Greek which involve in movement restrictions and clear protection of the currency deflected risky transactions on the drachma that could result in sudden devaluation. Before come into the European Union the currency of the Greece was drachma. Since 1987 the exchange rate of the drachma faces gradual devaluation due to elimination of Greek short term capital. Athens Derivatives the Exchange S.A. (ADEX) The main purpose of the ADEX is the organization and support of trading in the derivatives market, the organization of the trading system as well as any other similar activities. The Athens Derivatives Exchange S.A. (ADEX) and the Athens Derivatives Exchange Clearing House S.A (ADECH) have been established for the organization, operation, and development of the market. The main purpose of ADEX was the organization and support of trading in the derivatives market, the organization of the trading system as well as any similar activity. At the same time, ADECH is to organize the clearing and settlement of transactions concluded on derivative products, and supports such procedures in general. The Capital Market Commission, exercises control and supervision on ADEXs and ADECHs operation, in respect to the adherence to the rules and regulations of the capital market. ADEX, with an initial series of products such as Futures on the FTSE/ASE-20 and FTSE/ASE Mid 40 indices, Futures on the 10-year Hellenic Republic Bond, Options based on the FTSE/ASE-20 and FTSE/ASE Mid 40 indices, Stock Options, Stock Lending, covered an investment need that existed, and became imperative during latest years. The General Assemblies of the Athens Stock Exchange S.A. and the Athens Derivatives Exchange S.A. that were held on July 17th 2002 approved the Draft Merger Agreement of the two companies and the modifications in the Articles of Association of A.E. S.A. The corporate name of the new company is Athens Exchange S.A. The merger of the two companies was approved by the respective General Assemblies within the framework of further rationalization of the parent company Hellenic Exchanges S.A. (HELEX) that owns directly and indirectly 100% of the stocks in both companies. In addition, the merger of ASE and ADEX is in line with the global trend for mergers between stock and derivatives exchanges and is aiming to achieve synergies in the activities of the two, to lower the oper ating costs and to improve the overall coordination of the two markets. The purpose of the new company will be the organization, support and monitoring of transactions related to stocks, derivatives and other financial products, the smooth operation of the market, the protection of investors and other related activities. The qualified personnel of the new company will continue to offer the same high level of services regarding market support as in the past. In general, investors through the use of derivatives can : https://www.adex.ase.gr/AdexImages/blank.gif https://www.adex.ase.gr/AdexImages/blank.gif Quickly materialize their investment policies with only one decision, the trading of futures derivatives on the index. This is very important to a global market which exhibits high volatility. https://www.adex.ase.gr/AdexImages/blank.gif https://www.adex.ase.gr/AdexImages/blank.gif Participate in bullish markets through the use of margins, where the investor n eeds to have only a fraction of the initial capital and consequently achieve a higher percentage return. https://www.adex.ase.gr/AdexImages/blank.gif https://www.adex.ase.gr/AdexImages/blank.gif Protect their underlying investment in stocks of A.E. S.A., without having to liquidate their position, through the use of static or dynamic hedging strategies. Operational Structure Following are the participant which include in the operation. ADECH:  carries out the clearing by acting as counterparty in all trades that get registered in the derivatives market. ADECH also: (i) calculates all investors obligations that arise from their participation in this market and (ii) defines the margins to be deposited by the participants. Members of ADECH:  represent the end-client on the daily settlement process. They manage the margin accounts of their clients, which are kept in the Margin Bank of their choice. For the purposes of daily settlement members are maintaining settlement accounts in the settlement bank. Custodian banks:  which are approved by ADECH are maintaining all the margin accounts of the clients, where margins have to be deposited. Settlement bank:  chosen by ADECH maintains all the necessary accounts for the daily settlement. CSD:  (Central Securities Depository) maintains all the securities acco unts of the clients and ADECH which are necessary for the daily settlement and margining (when stocks will be accepted for margin purposes). Clients:  must cover all margin requirements and obligations arising from the daily settlement. Clients are considered to be physical and legal entities that can execute trades in the derivatives market. Members of ADECH which are at the same time members of Derivatives Market as market makers are considered to be clients. The Market for Government Securities: The Bank of Greece has developed an electronic secondary securities market (HDAT) and a settlement system (BOGS) for trading and settling Greek government securities in book-entry form. The government security market come into existence as a result of the of the government debt and liberalization of financial sector in the mid 90s. Its was established (OTC) basis. In the market there are two type of participant one are primary dealers and other are the secondary dealers. The task of the primary dealers is to fulfill the requirement of the market with their market making activities. HDATs trading system is electronic. HDAT soon became a successful trading venue. In HDAT Role of the Bank of Greece is important. It acts as a operator and host. As an operator the Governor of the Bank appoints the supervisory committee, this committee has 7 members. IN which 2 from the Bank of Greece, 3 representatives of primary dealers and 2 from secondary dealers. The other role of the committe e is relation with the Hellenic Republics securities. Eight members from the Ministry of finance present in this. Fake government debt is traded on HADT. Government debt securities in all local institutional portfolios are required by law to be marked to market on a daily basis using market prices, as the latter appear in HDATs daily price bulletin. This considerably increases the significance of price formation in HDAT. HDAT is linked electronically and in real-time with information systems such as Telerate, Reuters and Bloomberg. This way, trading information is widely diffused, promoting transparency. HDAT was designed, from the outset, to be a wholesale market reserved for institutional investors. Being a quote-driven market, firm two ways anonymous quotes are always available from the market makers. Market participants can see the best quotes at any time but anonymity remains until a trade is crossed. At that stage, the identity of the counterparties (the buyer and the selle r) is, albeit, only between them. A minimum number of five quotes per issue are set by regulation, and members can see all active quotes posted in the system. Participants enter buy or sell orders when they see a price at which they wish to trade. By specifying the quantity for which they intend to transact, they are also allowed to indicate a price limit up to which they commit themselves if the desired quantity is higher than the one available at the best price. Orders are matched automatically by the system and the transactions are finalized by DVP (Delivery versus Payment). Simultaneous accounting entries (credit/debit) take place as regards the securities-leg the cash-leg of any transaction, a procedure that substantially reduces systemic risk in clearing and settlement. All transactions are settled with a value date of T+3. The price of a security published in the HDAT Bulletin is the best bid price drawn for this security at a random moment during the day, usually towar ds the end of the trading session. HDATs operating hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., the first 15 minutes being a preparatory period during which market makers prepare their quotes. During this preparatory period, each market maker has access only to his own quotes which are not revealed to the rest of market. Quotation of prices and quantities in HDAT are subject to two main regulatory restrictions: A maximum bid-ask price spread and a minimum quote size. The maximum bid-ask spread was initially set at 50 bps, a level which, at the time, was considered satisfactorily low compared to the levels prevailing in the OTC market (especially when taking into account the fact that the spread widened to 555 bps during the 1997 South-East Asia financial crisis). The achievement of a relatively low spread was sufficiently tested during the next period of turmoil which took place while HDAT was in operation, the 1998 Russian crisis, when the bid-ask spread inevitably widened but only to a maximum of 90 basis points. Since May 2001, the maximum bid-ask spread varies in accordance with the Residual maturity of the security and reaches 15 bps for maturities exceeding 11 years. The maximum bid-ask spread for maturities up to 5 years is 7 bps while for the Maturities from 5 to 11 years are 10 bps. The uniform, i.e. regardless of residual Maturity, maximum spread imposed initially was gradually brought down considerably. It was reduced to 25 bps in December 1999 and subsequently to 20 bps in June 2000, to 15 bps in October 2000 and to 10 bps in January 2001, when the Country joined EMU. Currently, the minimum quote size represents an offer for 10 lots, while any order above the minimum should be a multiple of 1 lot (1 lot = 500,000 Euros). When 13HDAT started its operations, 1 lot was equivalent to one hundred million Greek Drachmas (about 293,000 Euros) and the minimum quote size was 5 lots. Subsequently, the minimum quote size was first doubled to 10 lots and from 1 December 1999 was increased to 20 lots (or a total face value of approximately 5,869,406 Euros). From 2 January 2001, the value was adjusted to the current minimum of 5 million Euros. An order to buy or sell a security includes the price, the size and the time stamp. Price is the first parameter used to determine the best offer. Subsequently, when there are multiple offers at the same price, priority is given to the largest size. Among offers of the same price and size, the best is considered to be the one that has been first posted in the system. HDAT started to operate with 13 primary dealers and 23 secondary dealers, thus a total of 36 market participants, among which 21 were Greek credit and financial institutions and 15 were local branches of foreign banks. The total number of market participants has remained roughly constant over the years. Its composition, nevertheless, has been considerably modified. The number of HDAT members and their classification into primary and secondary dealers is set at the beginning of each year jointly by the Finance Minister and the Governor of the Bank of Greece. During 2004, 20 financial institutions were acting as primary dealers among which, 5 were Greek credit institutions and the remaining 15 are foreign institutions, few of which have branches in Greece. The securities that each primary dealer is obliged to quote for are also determined at the beginning of each year and include all the benchmark issues as well as a number of additional securities attributed to each dealer. Those market participants who are not located in Greece are granted remote access to trading and for this purpose have at their disposal HDAT screens in their location. Remote access was not an option when the market was launched and it was only introduced in mid-2000. Undoubtedly, this development had a significant.

Interview Technical And Non Technical Staff - 1268 Words

During the data gathering phase it is crucial to interview technical and non-technical staff to determine if the security policies are being followed. Any staff who have access to the computers or systems in the organization should be interviewed in the security audit. System users, managers, and even cleaning staff should be considered. During the interview it will need to be determined what access the staff have to the systems and what their usage patterns are. If they have administrator access or root access is important to understand. The respondents should rate the controls used to secure the IT assets, these controls include: management controls, authentication/access controls, physical security, outsider access to systems, system administration controls and procedures, connections to external networks, remote access, incident response, and contingency planning. 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